Students should use physical models to represent knowledge and talk about them. Physical models are concrete representations of what is being learned. When students use manipulatives, they are making a physical model to represent knowledge.

2nd Grade viewed antiques prior to studying, comparing, & contrasting Council Bluffs history. Students used a Venn diagram to compare and contrast old school houses with modern school houses. Through the website "Snapfish" a book was created with photographs around the town and published into a hard back book.

4th Grade (minerals & rocks)

Make mint dough from cream cheese and sugar for minerals. Create sediment by breaking it apart. Gently push pieces together to form a sedimentary rock. Then add more pressure to form a metamorphic rock. Continue to add pressure and knead to simulate heat and observe the changes in the "rock."

3rd Grade (Mixture and solution)
Salt water placed on tin foil and left to evaporate overnight. Students observed that the salt was left on the tin foil.

Kindergarten (Plants)

Students observed a real plant and identified the parts. Students used real seeds and yarn (roots) to create a model of plant part.

Kindergarten (Spiders)

Used pipe cleaners and google eyes to create a model of a spider. Students then wrote specific details about spiders.